Virgil’s Georgics is a didactic poem consisting of four books, originally written in Latin. The title is derived from the Greek word geōrgiká, meaning “agricultural things.” The poem is an exploration of rural life, providing practical advice on agriculture, arboriculture, viticulture, animal husbandry, and beekeeping. Roman Emperor Augustus commissioned the work to address the social, moral, and cultural challenges facing Rome in the aftermath of civil conflict. The writing was intended to promote agricultural virtues, revive traditional Roman values, and contribute to the broader narrative of Augustan rule and the cultural renewal of the Roman state.
Virgil frequently incorporates myths and legends into the narrative, drawing on classical Greek and Roman mythology. For example, in the first book, he refers to the story of Orpheus and Eurydice to illustrate the power of music and the consequences of not heeding divine warnings. The poem frequently portrays mystical intervention and the influence of gods on earthly affairs. The appeal to divine forces underscores the importance of piety and the acknowledgment of the gods in agricultural practices.
The first book of the Georgics is dedicated to agriculture, the seasons, and labor. Virgil begins by invoking the muse to guide him in celebrating the work of farmers. He discusses the choice of land for farming, proper plowing techniques, and the effects of climate and astronomical bodies on agriculture. He then elaborates on the importance of observing the seasons and planetary movements for successful farming. The book also includes a vivid description of the catastrophic effects of the eruption of Mount Etna. Virgil underscores the value of hard work and labor in agriculture, stating that success in farming requires diligence and commitment.
